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Authorization in SQL

Enabling the standard authorization mode in SQL allows database administrators to use the GRANT and REVOKE SQL statements. It is used to create specific database object privileges and particular SQL events. Authorization in SQL also grants power to implement privileges. The database administrator provides access to users of the database. The database users only get to view what they are authorized to see. The rest of the materials that are within the database are out of bounds and cannot be accessed. There are different authorizations permissions available in SQL. They include primary permission, public permission, secondary permission, and context-sensitive permission.

Structured Types and Inheritance

SQL structured types are data types that are defined by the user and have named attributes. Each of these attributes contains a data type. If you do not know what attributes are, they can be defined as characteristics that outline an instance of a type. For example, a person might have attributes such as an address, name, nationality, etc. Structured data types in SQL also have method specifications that are used to define properties for structured types. For example, SQL is extended by methods known as user-defined functions. The statement CREATE TYPE is used to define SQL user-defined structured types. If this statement is executed successfully, it will also generate functions used to construct instances.

Relation Models

Relation models are used to represent relational database data. Databases that store data in the form of relations (tables) are known as relational databases. A relation EMPLOYEE can have attributes like ROLL_NO, NAME, PHONE, DEPARTMENT, and AGE. A relation schema refers to the relation and its attributes. In our example, the relation employee has attributes such as roll number, name, phone number, department, and age. A relational schema is a schema with more than one relation.

Procedural Extensions

Procedural extensions are used to mix procedural constructs with SQL statements. Oracle’s PL/SQL is a procedural language extension used with SQL. It extends the capability of SQL to execute procedural program units like packages and functions. Procedural program units in PL/SQL are usually classified as a stored procedure and anonymous blocks. These blocks appear in your application but are not stored in your database or named. Anonymous PL/SQL blocks appear wherever there are SQL statements.

Relational Databases

A relational database stores and organizes data points that have defined associations thus enabling easy access. The data structures in a relational database model such as data tables, views, and indexes are kept from the physical storage. This permits database managers to make changes to the physical storage without messing with the logical data structure.