×
Samples Blogs Make Payment About Us Reviews 4.9/5 Order Now

Create a Program to Implement Encapsulation in Python Assignment Solution

July 15, 2024
Prof. Samantha Campbell
Prof. Samantha
🇨🇦 Canada
Python
Prof. Samantha Campbell is a highly skilled Python programmer with a Master's degree in Software Engineering from MIT. With over 700 completed Python programming test orders, she specializes in areas such as object-oriented programming, database management, data analysis, and automation.
Key Topics
  • Instructions
  • Requirements and Specifications
Tip of the day
Use the REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop) to test your code interactively, and practice writing concise, readable expressions to harness Scala’s powerful syntax effectively.
News
In 2024, universities abroad, like Dublin City University, have introduced cutting-edge programming courses, including Computer Engineering programs focusing on AI and machine learning.

Instructions

Objective

Write a Python assignment to implement encapsulation.

Requirements and Specifications

The advantage of encapsulating the properties of a date in an object rather than a string is flexibility. It is flexible in a sense that we can manipulate it in different ways. We have to consider sometimes that dates can be represented in different formats and styles. Depending on the country, some dates are represented differently. Although they are represented differently, they still mean the same since date and time are absolute. Besides date representation, we can further customize our object to have additional functionalities such as being able to compare whether dates are equal, greater than, and even less than. Date comparison is useful in many ways such as when in need for sorting. Other functionalities include being able to increment/decrement for a number of days, months, and years.

All the above-mentioned advantages cannot be done on a date that is represented as a string. The advantage of having a date as string is its simplicity. If we don’t need to do date operations then we can simply store it as a string. Creating a date class along with its attributes and operation is a complex task and not a good idea to use it if the program will just use it to store data.

Source Code

import csv class Date: def __init__(self, year, month, day): """ Create a date """ self.__year = year self.__month = month self.__day = day def __str__(self): """ Return a string representation of a date """ month_names = ["", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"] return month_names[self.__month] + " " + str(self.__day) + ", " + str(self.__year) def __repr__(self): """ Return a representation of a date for debugging """ return self.__str__() def __gt__(self, other): """ Check if this date is greater than the other date """ if not isinstance(other, Date): False if self.__year > other.__year: return True elif self.__year < other.__year: return False if self.__month > other.__month: return True elif self.__month < other.__month: return False return self.__day > other.__day def __lt__(self, other): """ Check if this date is lesser than the other date """ if not isinstance(other, Date): False if self.__year < other.__year: return True elif self.__year > other.__year: return False if self.__month < other.__month: return True elif self.__month > other.__month: return False return self.__day < other.__day class Infection: def __init__(self, date, num_infected): """ Initialize the information about the infection status at a given date for a given country """ self.__date = date self.__num_infected = num_infected self.__num_tested = 0 self.__num_hospitalized = 0 self.__num_respirators_needed = 0 self.__num_dead = 0 def get_num_infected(self): """ Return the number of infected """ return self.__num_infected def get_date(self): """ Return the date """ return self.__date class Country: def __init__(self, name, code): """ Create a country """ self.__name = name self.__code = code self.__registrations = {} def log_data(self, infection): """ Add a new infection data to the country """ self.__registrations[infection.get_date()] = infection def remove_zero_infections(self): """ Remove the infections before the earliest date that was found to have an infection """ dates = self.get_sorted_dates() # Find which date has a non-zero infection earliest_index = None for i in range(len(dates)): if self.__registrations[dates[i]].get_num_infected() > 0: earliest_index = i break # Delete everything before the earliest index for i in range(earliest_index): del self.__registrations[dates[i]] def get_data(self): """ Get the list of infections """ return list(self.__registrations.values()) def get_csv_data_by_date(self, date): """ Return the infection data for a specific date """ if date not in self.__registrations.keys(): return None return self.__name + "," + self.__code + ",\"" + str(date) + "\"," + str(self.__registrations[date].get_num_infected()) + "\n" def get_csv_data(self): """ Return the data of infection as a CSV """ dates = self.get_sorted_dates() csv_data = "" for date in dates: csv_data += self.__name + "," + self.__code + ",\"" + str(date) + "\"," + str(self.__registrations[date].get_num_infected()) + "\n" return csv_data def get_sorted_dates(self): """ Return the dates but sorted by date in ascending """ dates = list(self.__registrations.keys()) # Sort the dates in ascending order for i in range(len(dates) - 1): for j in range(i + 1, len(dates)): if dates[i] > dates[j]: temp = dates[i] dates[i] = dates[j] dates[j] = temp return dates class Region: def __init__(self, name, code, countries): """ Create a region containing a list of countries """ self.__name = name self.__code = code self.__countries = countries def get_infections_by_date(self): """ Accumulate all infections grouped by date """ infections_by_date = {} for country in self.__countries: for infection in country.get_data(): date = infection.get_date() if date not in infections_by_date.keys(): infections_by_date[date] = 0 infections_by_date[date] += infection.get_num_infected() return infections_by_date def parse_date(str_date): """ Given a date in the form of MMM DD, YYYY we parse it to a date object """ # Split the MMM DD and YYYY tokens = str_date.split(",") if len(tokens) != 2: return None mmm_dd = tokens[0] yyyy = tokens[1] # Validate that the year is a positive integer value try: yyyy = int(yyyy) except: return None # Corona virus just started being officially recorded this 2020 # Date is invalid if it was before 2020 if yyyy < 2020: return None # Split the MMM and DD tokens = mmm_dd.split() if len(tokens) != 2: return None mmm = tokens[0] dd = tokens[1] # Find the numeric value of a month months = ["", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"] if mmm not in months: return None month_number = months.index(mmm) # Next is to validate the day, it should be a positive day try: dd = int(dd) except: return None if month_number in [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12]: # 31 days for months that fall in the given list max_day_in_month = 31 elif month_number == 2: # Month of February is 29 days if leap year, otherwise 28 if (yyyy % 400 == 0) or ((yyyy % 4 == 0) and (yyyy % 100 != 0)): max_day_in_month = 29 else: max_day_in_month = 28 else: # 30 days for the other months max_day_in_month = 30 if dd < 1 or dd > max_day_in_month: return None return Date(yyyy, month_number, dd) def load_data(): """ Load the data from file, this returns a dictionary of countries and dates. Each country object contains their respective infection data """ countries = {} dates = {} in_file = open("data.txt", "r") csv_reader = csv.reader(in_file, delimiter=",") for row in csv_reader: country_name = row[0] country_code = row[1] infection_date = row[2] num_infected = row[3] # We're only going to create only 1 instance of each date # If the instance does not exist yet, then create one if infection_date not in dates.keys(): date = parse_date(infection_date) if date is None: # Reject this record if the date can't be parsed continue dates[infection_date] = date # Get the object version, not the string version infection_date = dates[infection_date] # Validate the number of infections try: num_infected = int(num_infected) except: # Reject this record if the number of infections is invalid continue if num_infected < 0: # Reject this record if the number of infections is invalid continue # Create the country if it does not exist yet if country_name not in countries.keys(): country = Country(country_name, country_code) countries[country_name] = country # Get the country and record the infection country = countries[country_name] country.log_data(Infection(infection_date, num_infected)) in_file.close() return countries, dates def option_c(countries): """ write infection data for a given country """ country_name = input("Enter name of country: ") if country_name not in countries.keys(): print("Country does not exist.") return print(countries[country_name].get_csv_data()) def option_d(countries, dates): """ Write infection data of all countries for a specific date """ date = input("Enter a date (mmm dd, yyyy): ") if date is None: print("Invalid date.") return # Check if the date is known for infection if date not in dates.keys(): print("No countries are infected on the given date.") return # Convert the date as an object date = dates[date] # Find all countries that has infection on the given date csv_data = "" for country_name in countries.keys(): csv_line = countries[country_name].get_csv_data_by_date(date) if csv_line is not None: csv_data += csv_line + "\n" print(csv_data) def option_g(countries, regions): """ Create a region that contains a list of countries """ region_name = input("Enter region name: ") if region_name in regions.keys(): print("Region name already exists") return region_code = input("Enter region code: ") # Set the countries to be added to the region region_countries = [] while True: country_name = input("Enter a country name to be added to the region: ") if country_name in countries.keys(): country = countries[country_name] if country in region_countries: print("Country has been previously added.") else: region_countries.append(country) print("Country included in region.") if len(region_countries) > 0: option = input("Would you like to add another country? (y/n): ") if option != "y": break regions[region_name] = Region(region_name, region_code, region_countries) print("Region created.") def option_m(regions): """ Find which date the infection spread the most in a given region """ region_name = input("Enter a region name: ") if region_name not in regions.keys(): print("Region does note exist.") return region = regions[region_name] infections_by_date = region.get_infections_by_date() max_date = None for date in infections_by_date.keys(): if max_date is None or infections_by_date[date] > infections_by_date[max_date]: max_date = date if max_date is None: print("There is no date that has the most infected in the region") else: print("\"" + str(max_date) + "\"," + str(infections_by_date[max_date])) def option_n(countries, dates): """ Create a new entry for a country """ country_name = input("Enter country name: ") if country_name not in countries.keys(): country_code = input("Enter country code: ") countries[country_name] = Country(country_name, country_code) print("New country created.") date = input("Enter infection date (mmm dd, yyyy): ") if date not in dates.keys(): date_object = parse_date(date) if date_object is None: print("Invalid date.") return dates[date] = date_object try: num_infections = input("Enter the number of infected: ") except: print("Invalid number of infected.") return if num_infections < 0: print("Invalid number of infected.") return country = countries[country_name] country.log_data(Infection(date_object, num_infections)) print("New entry added.") def option_r(countries): """ Removes all objects of Infection with a number of infected equal to 0, which comes earlier than the first day of detected spread """ for country in countries.values(): country.remove_zero_infections() print("Ok, done.") def option_w(countries): """ Write all infections to file """ filename = input("Enter output filename: ") out_file = open(filename, "w") for country in countries.values(): out_file.write(country.get_csv_data()) out_file.close() print("Ok, done.") def main(): """ Main procedure that will load data from file, create the data structures needed and the corresponding of infected people """ countries, dates = load_data() regions = {} while True: print("Menu") print("c-(country) write infection data for a given country") print("d-(date) write infection data for all countries at a given date") print('g-(group) create a region with infection data for a group of countries') print("m-(max) find which date the infection spread the most in a given region") print('n-(new) add a new information to the data structure') print("q-(quit) terminate the program") print("r-(remove) remove all data with 0 infections earlier than the first day of detected spread") print("w-(write) save information to file") option = input("Option: ") print() if option == "c": option_c(countries) elif option == "d": option_d(countries, dates) elif option == "g": option_g(countries, regions) elif option == "m": option_m(regions) elif option == "n": option_n(countries, dates) elif option == "r": option_r(countries) elif option == "w": option_w(countries) elif option == "q": break print() if __name__ == '__main__': main()

Similar Sample

Explore our Python assignment sample to see how we tackle complex problems with clear, efficient code. Our expert solutions not only solve the given tasks but also illustrate best practices in Python programming. Dive into our sample to understand the quality and approach we bring to every assignment, ensuring you get the best help possible.